Free Study Material of Information & Communication Technology
for UGC NET Paper I
Language Processors:
Assembler: This language processor converts the program written in assembly language into machine language.
Interpreter: This language processor converts an HLL (High-Level Language) program into machine language by converting and executing it line by line.
Compiler:-It also converts the HLL program into machine language but the conversion manner is different. It converts the entire HLL program in one go and reports all the errors of the program along with the line numbers.
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Classification of Computers:
Computers can be broadly classified by their speed and computing power:
|
Sr.
No. |
Type | Specifications |
| 1 | PC (Personal Computer) | It is a single user computer system having moderately powerful microprocessor. |
| 2 | WorkStation | It is also a single user computer system which is similar to personal computer but have more powerful microprocessor. |
| 3 | Mini Computer | It is a multi-user computer system which is capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously. Software technology is different from minicomputer. |
| 4 | Main Frame | It is a multi-user computer system which is capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously. Software technology is different from minicomputer. |
| 5 | Supercomputer | It is an extremely fast computer which can execute hundreds of millions of instructions per second. |
Following are the main memory storage units:
| S.No. | Unit | Description |
| 1 | Bit(Binary Digit) | A binary digit is logical 0 and 1 representing a passive or an active state of a component in an electric circuit. |
| 2 | Nibble | A group of 4 bits is called nibble. |
| 3 | Byte | A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit which can represent a data item or a character. (1 byte = 8 bits) |
| 4 | Word | A computer word, like a byte, is a group of fixed number of bits processed as a unit which varies from computer to computer but is fixed for each computer. The length of a computer word is called word-size or word length and it may be as small as 8 bits or may be as long as 96 bits. A computer stores the information in the form of computer words. |
Few higher storage units are the following:
| S.No. | Unit | Description |
| 1 | Kilobyte (KB) | 1 KB = 1024 Bytes |
| 2 | Megabyte(MB) | 1 MB = 1024 KB |
| 3 | GigaByte (GB) | 1 GB = 1024 MB |
| 4 | TeraByte (TB) | 1 TB = 1024 GB |
| 5. | PetaByte (PB) | 1 PB = 1024 TB |
Software
Software: software represents the set of programs that govern the operation of a computer system and make the hardware run. There are two types of software
- System Software: The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself. System softwares are generally prepared by computer manufactures. System software serves as the interface between hardware and the end users. Examples: Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter, Assembler
- Application Software: It is the set of programs necessary to carry out operations for a specified application
Application software can subdivide into three categories:
- Packages:-
| Packages | |
| Word Processing | A package that process textual matter and creates organized and flawless documents. |
| Spreadsheets | An electronic spreadsheet is a program that accepts data in a tabular form and allow users to manipulate , calculate, analyze data in the desired manner. |
| Database Management Systems | DBMS is a package that can handle and manage bulk of stored data. |
| Desktop Publishing Software | Handles page layout by combining the functions of a traditional typesetter and a layout artist. |
| Graphics, Multimedia and Presentation applications | Application software that manipulates images is known as Graphics software. |
- Utilities: Utilities are those application programs that assist the computer by performing housekeeping functions like backing up disk or scanning viruses etc.
| Utilities | |
| Text Editor | Program is used for creating, editing text files. |
| Backup Utility | Program facilities the backing-up of disk. |
| Compression Utility | Large files can be compressed so that it takes less storage area. |
| Disk Defragmentor | It speeds up disk access by rearranging the files and free space on your computer. |
| Antivirus Software | It scans your disk for viruses and removes them if any virus is found. |
C. Customized Software: This type of software is tailor-made software according to a user’s requirement.
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Disclaimer – The study materials are provided from the personal notes of a JRF Qualified. Need suggestions for any publishing or conceptual mistakes. Feel free to comments with your suggestions or clarifications.