Networking and Operating System – Information & Communication Technology CBSE UGC NET

Free Study Material of Information & Communication Technology

CBSE UGC NET Paper 1

Part D

Networking

Network: Computer Networks means an interconnected set of autonomous system that permits distributed processing to information.

Five components:

• Sender Computer
• Sender equipment (Modem)
• Receiver Equipment(Modem)
• Receiver Computer
• Communication Channel ( Telephone Cables)

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Classified on the basis of Geographical Coverage:

• Local Area Network (LAN): A local area network is a relatively smaller and privately owned network with the maximum span of 10 km.
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): MAN is defined for less than 50 Km and provides regional connectivity within a campus or small geographical area.

• Wide Area Network (WAN): A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a group Communication Technology, provides no limit of distance.

Types of Network

1. Point to Point Network: When a packet is sent from one router to another intermediate router, the entire packet is stored at each intermediate router, stored there till the output line is free and then forwarded. A subnet using this principle is called point to point or packet switched network.

Topologies for a point to point Subnet

• Star: Each device has a dedicated point to point link only to a central controller, usually called a hub.
• Tree: A tree topology is a variation of a star.
• Ring: Each device has a dedicated point to point line configuration only with the two devices on either side of it.
• Bus: One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in the network.

2. Broadcast Networks: Broadcast networks have a single communication channel that is shared by all the machines on the network.

Transmission Media

• Network Cables: Network cables are used to connect computers. The most commonly used cable is Category 5 cable RJ-45.
• Distributors: A computer can be connected to another one via a serial port but if we need to connect many computers to produce a network, this serial connection will not work. The solution is to use a central body to which other computers, printers, scanners etc. can be connected and then this body will manage or distribute network traffic.
• Repeaters: A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distance.
• Bridge: A bridge is a product that connects a local area network (LAN) to another local area network that uses the same protocol (for example, Ethernet or token ring).
• Routers: A router is a device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP’s network. Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect.

• Internal Network Cards: Network card is a necessary component of a computer without which a computer cannot be connected over a network. It is also known as network adapter or Network Interface Card (NIC). Most branded computers have network card pre-installed. Network cards are of two types: Internal and External Network cards.
• External Network Cards: External network cards come in two flavours like Wireless and USB based. Wireless network card need to be inserted into the motherboard but no network cable is required to connect to network.
• Universal Serial Bus (USB): USB card are easy to use and connect via USB port. Computers automatically detect USB card and can install the drivers required to support the USB network card automatically.
• Modem (Modulator –DE Modulator): Modem is a device attached to computers that can convert digital signals to analog signals to analog signals and vice

Operating System

An Operating system is a program, which acts as an interface between a user and the hardware.

Characteristics of Operating System:

• Memory Management — keeps tracks of primary memory i.e. what part of it is in use by whom, what part is not in use etc. and allocates the memory when a process or program requests it.
• Processor Management — allocates the processor(CPU) to a process and de-allocates processor when it is no longer required.
• Device Management — keeps track of all devices. This is also called I/O controller that decides which process gets the device, when, and for how much time.
• File Management — allocates and de-allocates the resources and decides who gets the resources.
• Security — prevents unauthorized access to programs and data by means of passwords and similar other techniques.
• Job accounting — keeps track of time and resources used by various jobs and/or users.

• Control over system performance — records delays between the request for a service and from the system.
• Interaction with the operators — The interaction may take place via the console of the computer in the form of instructions. Operating System acknowledges the same, does the corresponding action and informs the operation by a display screen.
• Error-detecting aids — Production of dumps, traces, error messages and other debugging and error-detecting methods.
• Coordination between other software and users – Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters, assemblers and other software to the various users of the computer systems.

MS – Window

MS-Windows is a GUI (Graphic User Interface) based operating system. In Windows Operating system multiple applications can be simultaneously run in different windows.

• In MS-Windows, the screen upon which icons, windows, too are displayed is known as Desktop.
• An icon is a graphic symbol that represents a window element like, file, folder, or shortcut.
• Loading up of operating system files into the computer’s memory in called booting up.
• The taskbar is a bar, which is usually located at the bottom of the screen.
• My computer is helpful for viewing the contents of a single folder or drive.
• Windows Explorer is another way of seeing what is on your computer. Windows Explorer shows the computer’s contents as a hierarchy.
• File: A program or document stored on a disk.

• Toolbar: A set of buttons you click to perform common tasks.
• A folder is a location in which you can store files and other folders.
• To create a new folder, File—New—Folder commands are clicked in My Computer windows.

• To find files or folders, Start—Find—Files or Folder commands are clicked.
• To create a shortcut to a file, firstly select the file or folder, whose shortcut is to be created. Then drag the file icon through right mouse button to desired location where shortcut to be placed, and then select create shortcut(s).
• To shut down the computer, Start—Shut Down commands are clicked.

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Disclaimer – The study materials are provided from the personal notes of a JRF Qualified. Need suggestions for any publishing or conceptual mistakes. Feel free to comments with your suggestions or clarifications.